Mothers Day SMS

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Mothers Day SMS

Persian literature

Persian literature

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body of writings in Modern Persian (Fārsī), the form of the Persian language written with the Arabic alphabet and with many Arabic loanwords. Modern Persian emerged by the 9th century and becameestablished as the literary form of the Persian language in Iran and northern India.

 

After the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century, Islām replaced Zoroastrianism as the dominant religion and also eclipsed the minority religions of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, and Manichaeism. Arabic thus became the language of law and culture. In the 9th century, however, the Persian political revival was accompanied by the emergence of a Persian literary medium, expecially in northeast Iran, where the dialect known as Modern, or New, Persian began to be used for literary expression and so became established as the literary form of the Persian language in Iran and innorthern India. Mid-20th-century research, by study of an indigenous spoken dialect preserved among the Iranian people and of the learned language of Arabic (with its greater vocabulary), has revealed examples of the early form of this language. The first writings in Modern Persian were in verse, the medium of praise and pleasure, and Arabic elements were few. As prose translations from Arabic began to be made, rhetorical refinements based on Arab literary conventions and more Arabic words and literary devices were introduced.

 

The earliest major genres of Persian poetry were the panegyric and elegy, both written in the form of the qasida (a formal ode), and their first great exponent was Rūdakī, who flourished under the Sāmānid ruler Naṣr II (913–943). Another form soon to develop was the shorter lyric, or ghazel (ghazal), used for bacchic odes and later for love poetry. Both the qasida and the ghazel were monorhymed. The introduction of the rhyming couplet,  manavī, effected a release from the limitations of monorhyme and led to the composition of epic and long didactic poems. Like the ruba'i (robā’ī), or quatrain, the manavī was a purely Persian development; and the ruba'i, unlike most other poetic forms, was unknown in Arabic.

 

The foundations of Persian prose, as of poetry, were laid in the time of the Sāmānid dynasty. In 963Bal’ami, the vizier of al-Manṣūr I, published an abridged translation of the famous annals of aṭ-Ṭabarī. About the same time, a band of theologians from Transoxania made a Persian version of aṭ-Ṭabarī's other great work, his commentary on the Qur’ān, thus demonstrating that Persian also was suitable for sacred texts. Al-Manṣūr I also commissioned the first Persian book on medicine, thepharmacopoeia of Abū Manṣūr Muvaffaq of Herat. The application of Persian to philosophy and science, which involved the coining of an extensive and subtle technical vocabulary, ranks among the outstanding achievements of Avicenna, whose formative years were passed at the Sāmānid court.

 

تاریخچه ی کراوات/ Histoty Of Necktie

تاریخچه ی کراوات/ Histoty Of Necktie

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A necktie, worn here (loosened) with the top shirt button unbuttoned.

The necktie (or tie), made popular by Croats, is a long piece of cloth worn around the neck or shoulders, resting nowadays under the shirt collar and knotted at the throat. The modern necktie, ascot, and bow tie are descended from the cravat. Men and boys wear neckties as part of regular office attire or formal wear. Neckties can also be worn as part of a uniform (e.g. military, school and waitstaff). Neck ties are generally unsized, but may be available in a longer size. Variants include the bow tie, ascot tie, bolo tie, and the clip-on tie. Some people wear a tie as normal fashion wear.

ادامه مطلب

کتابی برای آنها که غرق در دنیای ادبیات هستند

کتابی برای آنها که غرق در دنیای ادبیات هستند

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